{"id":76896,"date":"2024-01-04T09:22:40","date_gmt":"2024-01-04T09:22:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/fact\/azodyer\/"},"modified":"2025-09-04T10:10:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T10:10:45","slug":"azodyer","status":"publish","type":"fact","link":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/da\/fact\/azodyer\/","title":{"rendered":"Azodyer"},"content":{"rendered":"

Der findes ingen sk\u00f8n over det aktuelle antal arbejdere i EU, der er udsat for azofarvestoffer, som kan nedbrydes til aromatiske aminer. Erhvervsm\u00e6ssig eksponering for azofarvestoffer kan forekomme, hvor azofarvestoffer produceres og anvendes til farvning eller indikering. Dermal eksponering er den vigtigste eksponeringsvej, da flydende formuleringer nu er normen. Ind\u00e5ndingseksponering kan stadig v\u00e6re relevant i enkelte tilf\u00e6lde. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Azofarvestoffer er mist\u00e6nkt for at v\u00e6re kr\u00e6ftfremkaldende, da de kan nedbrydes til aromatiske aminer. Nogle aromatiske aminer er kendte carcinogener (kategori 1A if\u00f8lge CLP), f.eks. 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidin, 4-chloro-o-toluidin, 2-naphtylamin, eller formodes at v\u00e6re carcinogene for mennesker (kategori 1B if\u00f8lge CLP), f.eks. o-toluidin, o-anisidin, 4-aminoazobenzen. Andre aromatiske aminer, der frigives fra azofarvestoffer, mist\u00e6nkes for at v\u00e6re carcinogene for mennesker. <\/p>\n

Nogle aromatiske aminer er forbundet med erhvervssygdomme, der for\u00e5rsager slimhindeforandringer, kr\u00e6ft eller andre svulster i urinvejene.<\/p>\n

Hvor risici opst\u00e5r<\/h2>\n

Generelt anvendes azofarvestoffer i vid udstr\u00e6kning i industrien til farvning af plast- og gummiprodukter, tr\u00e6, papir, maling og polish, men ogs\u00e5 til farvning af forbrugerprodukter som tekstilfibre, kosmetik, l\u00e6gemidler og endda f\u00f8devarer. En mindre anvendelse kan omfatte medicinsk eller biologisk forskning, f.eks. farvestoffer til mikroskopi. <\/p>\n

Tidligere anvendelser til farvning af l\u00e6der og tekstiler er blevet forbudt i Europa, og anvendelsen er faldet siden.<\/p>\n

Azofarvestoffer, der frigiver o-Toluidin, s\u00e5som C.I. Solvent Red 24, 164 og 215, finder stadig anvendelse til m\u00e6rkning af mineralolie eller i ikke-destruktive metoder som farvestoffer, der tr\u00e6nger ind i revner, f.eks. i metalindustrien. Erhverv med h\u00f8j risiko for dermal eksponering omfatter industrielle farvere, kosmetologer og materialeinspekt\u00f8rer. <\/p>\n

Mere om stoffet<\/h2>\n

Der findes mere end 3000 forskellige azoforbindelser. De \u00f8konomisk vigtige azoforbindelser omfatter azofarvestoffer, som inddeles i azofarvestoffer, der er praktisk talt uopl\u00f8selige i anvendelsesmediet, og opl\u00f8selige azofarvestoffer. <\/p>\n

I sidstn\u00e6vnte tilf\u00e6lde skelnes der mellem vandopl\u00f8selige og organiske opl\u00f8sningsmiddelopl\u00f8selige azofarvestoffer, som spiller en vigtig rolle for den dermale eksponering. Opl\u00f8selige azofarvestoffer p\u00e5 huden kan omdannes af bakteriel eller enzymatisk aktivitet til opl\u00f8selige aromatiske aminer, som absorberes gennem huden. <\/p>\n

Azofarvestoffer kan inddeles i forskellige farvetyper, f.eks. syrefarvestoffer, direkte farvestoffer eller reaktive farvestoffer, dispersionsfarvestoffer osv. I farveindekssystemet klassificeres azofarvestoffer ligesom andre farvestoffer efter deres kemiske opf\u00f8rsel og den m\u00e5de, de bruges til farvning p\u00e5, hvilket resulterer i farveindeksnavnet (C.I. generisk navn). <\/p>\n

Det er v\u00e6rd at n\u00e6vne, at aromatiske aminer ogs\u00e5 kan findes i tobaksr\u00f8g, dieseludst\u00f8dning og som urenheder i stenkulstj\u00e6re eller i tils\u00e6tningsstoffer til fremstilling af gummiartikler, som p\u00e5virker andre erhverv.<\/p>\n

Farer, der kan opst\u00e5<\/h2>\n

Opl\u00f8selige azofarvestoffer optages hovedsageligt via hudabsorption. Ind\u00e5nding kan ogs\u00e5 spille en rolle. Men afh\u00e6ngigt af om azofarvestoffer er vandopl\u00f8selige eller fedtopl\u00f8selige azofarvestoffer, optages de p\u00e5 forskellige m\u00e5der og med forskellig hastighed. <\/p>\n

Akutte toksiske virkninger hos mennesker er hidtil kun blevet beskrevet efter eksponering for opl\u00f8selige azofarvestoffer, men ikke for uopl\u00f8selige azopigmenter. Men efter absorption via lungerne og afh\u00e6ngigt af st\u00f8rrelsen af uopl\u00f8selige pigmenter kan de udvikle partikeltypiske effekter, herunder ligheder med granuleret biopersistent st\u00f8v, f.eks. startende med symptomer som hoste. <\/p>\n

Det er blevet rapporteret, at eksponering p\u00e5 arbejdspladsen er mest relevant for kendte erhvervssygdomme som f.eks. \u00e6ndringer i slimhinderne, kr\u00e6ft eller andre v\u00e6kster i urinvejene. Desuden formodes kronisk eksponering ogs\u00e5 at v\u00e6re forbundet med allergiske hudeffekter. <\/p>\n

Latenstiden mellem eksponering og aromatisk amin-relateret kr\u00e6ft i urinvejene (bl\u00e6rekr\u00e6ft) varierer kraftigt mellem 12 og op til mere end 40 \u00e5r<\/strong>. Relevante carcinogene aminer er o-Toluidin, xenylamin, 2-naphtylamin, benzidin og 4-chloro-o-Toluidin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hvad du kan g\u00f8re<\/h2>\n

Den mest effektive m\u00e5de at forebygge eksponering p\u00e5 er substitution. Der findes sikrere, alternative farvestoffer p\u00e5 markedet, f.eks. alternative naturlige farvestoffer eller mineral-\/pigmentfarvestoffer, is\u00e6r til tekstil- og f\u00f8devareindustrien. Hvis substitution af azofarvestoffer ikke er mulig, og brugen af azofarvestoffer ikke kan undg\u00e5s, skal der tr\u00e6ffes foranstaltninger til at reducere eksponeringen. <\/p>\n

Den mest effektive m\u00e5de at undg\u00e5 eksponering for azofarvestoffer er at udvikle og bruge lukkede systemer. Hvor dette ikke er muligt, skal der implementeres tekniske foranstaltninger s\u00e5som effektiv lokal udsugning eller god ventilation af arbejdspladsen samt kontrol af deres effektivitet for at sikre, at eksponeringen minimeres s\u00e5 meget som teknisk muligt. Et standardkrav til tekstilindustrien er den bedste tilg\u00e6ngelige teknologi (BAT), som skal overholdes for at minimere milj\u00f8- og sundhedseffekter. <\/p>\n

Gennemf\u00f8r regelm\u00e6ssige eksponeringsvurderinger for at kontrollere, om dine beskyttelsesforanstaltninger er effektive, eller om der skal tr\u00e6ffes yderligere foranstaltninger. Arbejderne skal v\u00e6re opm\u00e6rksomme p\u00e5 virkningerne af eksponering og b\u00f8r regelm\u00e6ssigt uddannes i de kontrolforanstaltninger, der er n\u00f8dvendige for at arbejde sikkert med azofarvestoffer for at forhindre eksponering. De b\u00f8r opfordres til at rapportere tidlige symptomer som f.eks. luftvejsproblemer eller hudallergi. Det anbefales at inddrage en arbejdsmediciner. Desuden skal arbejderne uddannes i effektive hygiejneforanstaltninger. <\/p>\n

S\u00f8rg for, at arbejderne har tilstr\u00e6kkelig personlig beskyttelse, f.eks. beskyttelsest\u00f8j og handsker, hvis det er n\u00f8dvendigt, da den prim\u00e6re eksponeringsvej er huden. Personlig beskyttelse b\u00f8r kun bruges som en sidste udvej og kun overvejes midlertidigt, efter at de mulige tekniske l\u00f8sninger er udt\u00f8mt. Det er vigtigt, at personlige v\u00e6rnemidler, hvis de kan genbruges, reng\u00f8res efter brug og opbevares p\u00e5 et rent sted. <\/p>\n

Referencer: BAuA, ECHA, DGUV, EU-Kommissionen<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","carcinogens":[4062],"class_list":["post-76896","fact","type-fact","status-publish","hentry","carcinogens-azodyer"],"yoast_head":"\nAzodyer - STOP carcinogens at work<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Be aware of what you work with! We collected all the important information these causing substances in easy-to-understand factsheets.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/da\/fact\/azodyer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"da_DK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Azodyer\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Be aware of what you work with! 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