{"id":78303,"date":"2017-11-28T13:07:59","date_gmt":"2017-11-28T13:07:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/good-practice\/brugen-af-pesticider-i-den-svenske-skovbrugssektor\/"},"modified":"2025-09-04T10:30:16","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T10:30:16","slug":"brugen-af-pesticider-i-den-svenske-skovbrugssektor","status":"publish","type":"good-practice","link":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/da\/good-practice\/brugen-af-pesticider-i-den-svenske-skovbrugssektor\/","title":{"rendered":"Brugen af pesticider i den svenske skovbrugssektor"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00e5let med denne l\u00f8sning var at finde en ikke-kemisk beskyttelse mod insekter, som b\u00e5de er \u00f8konomisk og milj\u00f8m\u00e6ssigt acceptabel for alle interessenter i skovbrugssektoren i Sverige.<\/p>\n

M\u00e5lgruppe og omgivelser<\/h2>\n

M\u00e5lgruppen for denne l\u00f8sning bestod af arbejdere i den svenske skovbrugssektor, som arbejdede med skadelige pesticider (kemikalier). Disse kemikalier er generelt profylaktiske insekticider, som syntetiske pyrethroider og neonikotinoider, og blev brugt til at forhindre insekter i at spise barken p\u00e5 unge tr\u00e6planter. De har st\u00e6rke effekter p\u00e5 en lang r\u00e6kke insekter, og de har en skadelig effekt p\u00e5 arbejdernes sundhed. Disse kemikalier er ikke klart klassificeret som carcinogener, men de er relateret til alvorlige sundhedsskadelige virkninger, herunder l\u00f8bende \u00f8jne og n\u00e6ser, \u00e5ndedr\u00e6tsproblemer, hudproblemer og allergier. Selvom disse pesticider bruges over hele verden, var problemet i Sverige, at det meste af arbejdet var s\u00e6sonbetonet, dvs. i sommers\u00e6sonen, og at arbejderne h\u00e5ndterede de forbehandlede tr\u00e6planter uden deres beskyttelsest\u00f8j p\u00e5 grund af de h\u00f8je temperaturer i sommers\u00e6sonen. <\/p>\n

Trin<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Identifikation af problemet med Pesticider i regenerering (1992). Det var her, sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om brugen af insektmidler for f\u00f8rste gang blev en del af samfundskalenderen i Sverige. <\/li>\n
  2. Seminar med opfindere og forskere for at beskrive problemet (1993). Efter seminaret udviklede forskere over 50 beskyttelsesanordninger, som blev testet i \u00e5renes l\u00f8b. Men kun nogle f\u00e5 af disse anordninger viste sig at v\u00e6re potentielt nyttige og var ikke overbevisende i deres resultater. Hovedproblemet var, at insekterne var ret modstandsdygtige, mens tr\u00e6planterne ikke var det. S\u00e5 en aggressiv l\u00f8sning p\u00e5 insekterne ville ogs\u00e5 dr\u00e6be tr\u00e6planterne. <\/li>\n
  3. For at fremskynde processen med at finde en mere b\u00e6redygtig og effektiv l\u00f8sning blev udvalget for beskyttelse af fr\u00f8planter grundlagt (1998). Alle relevante interessenter i forhold til problemet med insekticider og tr\u00e6planter i Sverige blev medlem af udvalget, og opgaverne blev fordelt. For eksempel p\u00e5tog Skogforsk (Skovforskningsinstituttet) sig de administrative og \u00f8konomiske opgaver samt nogle forskningsopgaver. Universitetet for Landbrug udf\u00f8rte det meste af forskningen og kom med den endelige l\u00f8sning p\u00e5 problemet. Andre interessenter, s\u00e5som Skovstyrelsen og skovvirksomheder, kontrollerede, at udvalget holdt sig p\u00e5 sporet og hjalp med at finde en l\u00f8sning p\u00e5 alle mulige m\u00e5der. Alle interessenter er vist p\u00e5 billedet nedenfor. <\/li>\n
  4. N\u00f8glen til at finde l\u00f8sningen sammen var, at alle interessenter fra dag \u00e9t havde det samme m\u00e5l for \u00f8je: at finde en l\u00f8sning p\u00e5 brugen af insekticider i den svenske skovbrugssektor. Andre parter, der \u00f8nsker at g\u00e5 ind i en lignende proces for at finde en l\u00f8sning p\u00e5 kemikaliebrugen i skovbrugssektoren, kunne ogs\u00e5 omfatte milj\u00f8interessenter, s\u00e5som Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Dette projekt omfattede ikke FSC eller andre milj\u00f8interessenter, da de andre interessenter p\u00e5tog sig dette ansvar, og FSC ikke var til stede i Sverige p\u00e5 dav\u00e6rende tidspunkt. <\/li>\n
  5. L\u00f8sningen: I 2001 blev der fundet en l\u00f8sning. Planen var at putte en bestemt slags vandbaseret lim p\u00e5 plantens st\u00e6ngler og derefter spr\u00f8jte et meget fint sand p\u00e5 limen. Det virker, fordi insekterne ikke kan lide at f\u00e5 sand i munden og derfor holder sig v\u00e6k fra planterne. I 2002 blev l\u00f8sningen patenteret. <\/li>\n
  6. For at g\u00f8re denne l\u00f8sning rentabel og tilg\u00e6ngelig i stor skala blev der udviklet en maskine til at levere limen og sandet. Denne maskine, Conniflex, blev markedsf\u00f8rt i 2009, og den er blevet brugt i stigende grad i perioden 2010-2015. Antallet af angrebne planter falder \u00e5r efter \u00e5r, og det samme g\u00f8r brugen af insekticider. En vigtig rolle i denne fase af projektet var FSC, som \u00f8gede presset p\u00e5 virksomhederne for at reducere brugen af kemikalier i skovbruget og finde alternative l\u00f8sninger. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Finansiering<\/h2>\n

    Ved udvalgets start (1998) blev det ansl\u00e5et, at det \u00e5rlige budget for dette projekt var p\u00e5 ca. 320.000 euro. Projektet skulle l\u00f8be over en periode p\u00e5 fem \u00e5r. St\u00f8rstedelen af finansieringen blev tilvejebragt ved at indg\u00e5 en aftale med alle skovrider om at betale 0,03 eurocent pr. insekticidbehandlet fr\u00f8plante. Da det tog meget l\u00e6ngere tid at finde en l\u00f8sning p\u00e5 problemet end f\u00f8rst antaget, m\u00e5tte kontrakten med skovplanteskolerne fornyes flere gange. De sidste kontrakter blev skrevet for perioden 2010-2014. De samlede omkostninger er ansl\u00e5et til ca. 6 millioner euro siden projektets start. <\/p>\n

    Erfaringer, der er gjort
    \n<\/u><\/h2>\n
      \n
    1. For at udvikle l\u00f8sninger, der kan sammenlignes med den, der er beskrevet her, er det vigtigt at identificere problemet og interessenterne og at n\u00e5 til enighed med alle interessenter om, hvad problemet er.<\/li>\n
    2. Finansiering af disse projekter kan v\u00e6re en stor udfordring, men der findes kreative l\u00f8sninger. Dette projekt brugte flere af disse l\u00f8sninger, f.eks. en pris pr. enhed, som generelt er attraktiv p\u00e5 grund af den lave sats for virksomheder, og en kombination af flere finansieringskilder, dvs. forskningsmidler, statslige midler og virksomhedsmidler. <\/li>\n
    3. Interessenternes rolle og deres indflydelse i den samfundsm\u00e6ssige og politiske kontekst kan bruges til at lobbye for din l\u00f8sning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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