{"id":94760,"date":"2025-09-01T11:35:29","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T11:35:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/educational\/navrh-vyucovacej-hodiny-o-karcinogenoch-pre-9-rocnik-zakladnej-skoly-minimalne-14-rokov\/"},"modified":"2026-05-19T08:06:59","modified_gmt":"2026-05-19T08:06:59","slug":"navrh-vyucovacej-hodiny-o-karcinogenoch-pre-9-rocnik-zakladnej-skoly-minimalne-14-rokov","status":"publish","type":"educational","link":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/sk\/educational\/navrh-vyucovacej-hodiny-o-karcinogenoch-pre-9-rocnik-zakladnej-skoly-minimalne-14-rokov\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1vrh vyu\u010dovacej hodiny o karcinog\u00e9noch pre 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly (minim\u00e1lne 14 rokov)"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Predmet: Karcinog\u00e9n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Tematick\u00e1 oblas\u0165: Ch\u00e9mia (pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 vedy)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Vekov\u00e1 skupina: (minim\u00e1lne) 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly (14 rokov)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ciele vyu\u010dovacej hodiny<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u017diaci si preh\u013abia vedomosti o nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnostiach l\u00e1tok a ich ozna\u010dovan\u00ed, ako aj o zaobch\u00e1dzan\u00ed s nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, najm\u00e4 karcinog\u00e9nnymi, mutag\u00e9nnymi a reprotoxick\u00fdmi chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami (CMR).<\/li>\n<li>\u017diaci si doplnia vedomosti o rakovine a karcinog\u00e9noch (pozri obsah stanov\u00ed\u0161\u0165).<\/li>\n<li>\u0160tudenti si rozv\u00edjaj\u00fa zru\u010dnosti v pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed\/pracovan\u00ed s r\u00f4znymi zdrojmi \u00fadajov (datab\u00e1zy, svetov\u00fd web, odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara at\u010f.) a v prezentovan\u00ed alebo navrhovan\u00ed kr\u00e1tkych, v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fdch textov na dan\u00fa t\u00e9mu a mini aktiv\u00edt.<\/li>\n<li>\u0160tudenti sa u\u010dia spolupracova\u0165 a komunikova\u0165 a rozv\u00edjaj\u00fa si kritick\u00e9 myslenie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Aktivity<\/h3>\n<p>Cie\u013eom je poskytn\u00fa\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 aspekty\/inform\u00e1cie o karcinog\u00e9noch v obmedzenom \u010dase prostredn\u00edctvom  <strong>rotuje na siedmich staniciach.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u010co je to rakovina?<\/li>\n<li>Vlastnosti karcinog\u00e9n\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Ozna\u010dovanie karcinog\u00e9nov<\/li>\n<li>Klasifik\u00e1cia karcinog\u00e9nov<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00edklady karcinog\u00e9nov a ich vlastnost\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Mo\u017en\u00e9 karcinog\u00e9ny na pracovisku<\/li>\n<li>12 tipov na prevenciu rakoviny<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty implement\u00e1cie<\/h4>\n<h5>Najz\u00e1kladnej\u0161ia implement\u00e1cia<\/h5>\n<p>U\u010dite\u013e pripravuje obsah a aktivity na samostatnom, vo\u013ene stojacom stanovi\u0161ti.<\/p>\n<h5>Pokro\u010dil\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia<\/h5>\n<p><em>\u010cas na predbe\u017en\u00fa pr\u00edpravu:<\/em><br \/>\nVytvoria sa trojice\/skupiny (n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 alebo pomenovan\u00e9), ktor\u00e9 si vyber\u00fa t\u00e9my (vyber\u00fa &#8211; vylosuj\u00fa poradie v\u00fdberu t\u00e9my stanice). Trojice\/skupiny pripravuj\u00fa obsah stanice pod\u013ea nasleduj\u00facich krit\u00e9ri\u00ed: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Spresnenie obsahu stanice:<\/em><br \/>\nNa z\u00e1klade pripraven\u00e9ho obsahu a r\u00f4znych zdrojov vyber\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd (kr\u00e1tky, v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd) obsah\/inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 a relevantn\u00e9 pre rovesn\u00edkov.<\/li>\n<li><em>Didaktick\u00e9 spresnenie stanovi\u0161\u0165a:<\/em><br \/>\n\u0160tudenti prezentuj\u00fa obsah\/inform\u00e1cie zapam\u00e4tate\u013en\u00fdm (&#8222;\u010do najviac a \u010do naj\u013eah\u0161ie (zrozumite\u013ene)&#8220;) alebo zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, s pou\u017eit\u00edm materi\u00e1lov na Vzdel\u00e1vanie, pom\u00f4cok a\/alebo pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch aktiv\u00edt v trvan\u00ed 5 min\u00fat \u2192 pr\u00edprava materi\u00e1lov na Vzdel\u00e1vanie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Format\u00edvne vykon\u00e1vanie<\/h5>\n<p>Pred realiz\u00e1ciou, po pr\u00edprave obsahu stan\u00edc, nasleduje vz\u00e1jomn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza u\u010debn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu &#8211; trojice\/skupiny presk\u00famaj\u00fa obsah alebo u\u010debn\u00fd materi\u00e1l pre ka\u017ed\u00fa stanicu (napr. ka\u017ed\u00e1 skupina presk\u00fama obsah stanice s jedn\u00fdm ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm \u010d\u00edslom) a poskytn\u00fa sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu (sp\u00e4tn\u00e1 v\u00e4zba na 5 min\u00fat) o rozsahu, odbornosti, preh\u013eadnosti, zrozumite\u013enosti a pou\u017eite\u013enosti materi\u00e1lu (pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho).<\/p>\n<p>Trojice\/skupiny sa vr\u00e1tia na svoje stanovi\u0161tia a v pr\u00edpade potreby sa na z\u00e1klade sp\u00e4tnej v\u00e4zby pok\u00fasia zlep\u0161i\u0165 svoj u\u010debn\u00fd materi\u00e1l (10 min\u00fat).<\/p>\n<h4>\u010cas realiz\u00e1cie<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Za\u010diatok aktivity:<\/em><br \/>\nRot\u00e1cia skup\u00edn po stanovi\u0161tiach v smere hodinov\u00fdch ru\u010di\u010diek.<\/li>\n<li><em>Jednoduch\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia:<\/em><br \/>\nSkupiny sa striedaj\u00fa na staniciach vo vhodn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch intervaloch (napr. 5 min\u00fat).<\/li>\n<li><em>Pokro\u010dil\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia:<\/em><br \/>\nKa\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen trojice m\u00e1 svoju vlastn\u00fa farbu (napr. zelen\u00fa, modr\u00fa a \u010derven\u00fa). Vybran\u00e1 farba (ktor\u00fa ur\u010d\u00ed u\u010dite\u013e) zost\u00e1va na svojom stanovi\u0161ti (hostite\u013e), zatia\u013e \u010do zvy\u0161n\u00e9 dve farby sa pres\u00favaj\u00fa na \u010fal\u0161ie. V priebehu 5 min\u00fat hostite\u013e stanovi\u0161\u0165a predstav\u00ed t\u00e9mu alebo vedie aktivitu na dan\u00fa t\u00e9mu. V \u010fal\u0161om kole sa hostite\u013eom st\u00e1va jeden z hos\u0165uj\u00facich \u017eiakov (inej farby) at\u010f (rot\u00e1cia trv\u00e1 35 min\u00fat + 10 min\u00fat rezerva).   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mo\u017en\u00fd obsah a \u010dinnosti pod\u013ea stan\u00edc<\/h3>\n<h3>Stanica 1: \u010co je rakovina?<\/h3>\n<p>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ako ch\u00e1pete ochorenie rakovina?<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e1te nejak\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti s touto chorobou vo va\u0161ej \u0161ir\u0161ej rodine?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rakovina je ochorenie charakterizovan\u00e9 nekontrolovan\u00fdm delen\u00edm buniek. Delenie buniek je v \u013eudskom tele norm\u00e1lny proces, ale len v takom rozsahu, ak\u00fd je potrebn\u00fd na norm\u00e1lnu fyziologick\u00fa obnovu starn\u00facich buniek. V rakovinov\u00fdch bunk\u00e1ch v\u0161ak delenie prebieha nekontrolovane a v d\u00f4sledku tohto nekontrolovan\u00e9ho delenia zmutovan\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 bunky \u010dasto prerastaj\u00fa do okolit\u00e9ho tkaniva a m\u00f4\u017eu sa dokonca \u0161\u00edri\u0165 (metast\u00e1zova\u0165) krvn\u00fdmi alebo lymfatick\u00fdmi cievami do vzdialen\u00fdch org\u00e1nov.  <\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-90443\" src=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cancer-development.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cancer-development.webp 600w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cancer-development-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cancer-development-150x150.webp 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Sheet-no0-General-aspects-Ano-2023-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u010co je to rakovina? V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 aspekty <\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rakovina nie je len jedno ochorenie, ale je to n\u00e1zov pre viac ako dvesto r\u00f4znych ochoren\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 do nieko\u013ek\u00fdch ve\u013ek\u00fdch skup\u00edn (karcin\u00f3my, sark\u00f3my, leuk\u00e9mie a lymf\u00f3my) v z\u00e1vislosti od org\u00e1nov, v ktor\u00fdch sa vyskytuj\u00fa. Pravdepodobnos\u0165 vzniku rakoviny sa za\u010d\u00edna v\u00fdrazne zvy\u0161ova\u0165 od veku 45 a\u017e 50 rokov. Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov Svetovej zdravotn\u00edckej organiz\u00e1cie (WHO) je rakovina druhou naj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrt\u00ed na svete hne\u010f po kardiovaskul\u00e1rnych ochoreniach, pri\u010dom v roku 2020 na \u0148u zomrie takmer 10 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed. Tento rok bola v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii (E\u00da) diagnostikovan\u00e1 rakovina u 2,7 mili\u00f3na \u013eud\u00ed. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee rakovina je pr\u00ed\u010dinou 52 % v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s pr\u00e1cou v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii. V d\u00f4sledku expoz\u00edcie karcinog\u00e9nnym l\u00e1tkam pri pr\u00e1ci je ka\u017edoro\u010dne diagnostikovan\u00e1 rakovina pribli\u017ene u 120 000 \u013eud\u00ed a takmer 80 000 z nich pr\u00edde o \u017eivot.     <\/p>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zky pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010co by sa e\u0161te dalo vedecky poveda\u0165 o rakovine? (Presk\u00famajte spo\u013eahliv\u00fd zdroj.) <\/li>\n<li>Kto m\u00f4\u017ee dosta\u0165 rakovinu a pre\u010do?<\/li>\n<li>Ako by ste doplnili svoje pozn\u00e1mky o tom, \u010do je rakovina?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stanica 2: Vlastnosti karcinog\u00e9n\u016f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ot\u00e1zky pre \u0161tudentov:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010co hovor\u00ed NAPO o karcinog\u00e9noch?<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napofilm.net\/sl\/napos-films\/napo-danger-chemicals\/toxic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pozrite si film NAPO &#8222;Nebezpe\u010denstvo: Chemik\u00e1lie&#8220; a<\/a> odpovedzte na ot\u00e1zky v pozorovacom h\u00e1rku.<\/li>\n<li>Ako sa m\u00f4\u017eu nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 (toxick\u00e9, karcinog\u00e9nne) l\u00e1tky dosta\u0165 do tela? Ozna\u010dte to na obr\u00e1zku! <\/li>\n<li>Na ak\u00e9 vlastnosti nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok chceli tvorcovia filmu pouk\u00e1za\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom zobrazen\u00fdch \u00faryvkov?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinky karcinog\u00e9nov vidite\u013en\u00e9 okam\u017eite?<\/li>\n<li>\u010co znamen\u00e1 dlhodob\u00e9 vystavenie karcinog\u00e9nu? Ako inak naz\u00fdvame tak\u00e9to vystavenie nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm l\u00e1tkam? <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stanica 3: Ozna\u010dovanie karcinog\u00e9nov<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-86318\" src=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"522\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GHS08_silhouete.original-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img><strong>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.napofilm.net\/sl\/napos-films\/napo-danger-chemicals\/toxic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vo filme NAPO<\/a> ste si v\u0161imli piktogram. Pozn\u00e1te ho? <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ide o pomerne nov\u00fd piktogram, ktor\u00fd ozna\u010duje obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa skupinu l\u00e1tok. Naz\u00fdva sa aj <strong>piktogram CMR (<\/strong> skratka odvoden\u00e1 z pojmov <strong>karcinog\u00e9nne<\/strong>, mutag\u00e9nne <strong>l\u00e1tky<\/strong>a l\u00e1tky po\u0161kodzuj\u00face <strong>reprodukciu<\/strong>). <\/p>\n<p><img><strong>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ako by ste prelo\u017eili CMR do v\u00e1\u0161ho jazyka?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Karcinog\u00e9n m\u00f4\u017ee<\/strong> by\u0165 chemick\u00fd, fyzik\u00e1lny alebo biologick\u00fd faktor alebo in\u00fd faktor, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 rakovinu alebo zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 jej v\u00fdskyt. Mutag\u00e9ny (mutag\u00e9nne l\u00e1tky) sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa mut\u00e1cie alebo zvy\u0161uj\u00fa frekvenciu mut\u00e1ci\u00ed. Mut\u00e1cia je trval\u00e1 zmena mno\u017estva alebo \u0161trukt\u00fary genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu bunky. Ak tieto mut\u00e1cie postihn\u00fa z\u00e1rodo\u010dn\u00e9 bunky (bunky vaj\u00ed\u010dka alebo spermie), m\u00f4\u017eu sa prenies\u0165 na potomstvo. Mutag\u00e9ny m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 fyzik\u00e1lneho p\u00f4vodu (expoz\u00edcia ionizuj\u00facemu \u017eiareniu alebo ultrafialov\u00e9mu \u017eiareniu), chemick\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu (expoz\u00edcia l\u00e1tkam, ako je Benz\u00e9n alebo Formaldehyd) alebo biologick\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu (infekcia ur\u010dit\u00fdmi biologick\u00fdmi \u010dinite\u013emi (v\u00edrusy, bakt\u00e9rie a parazity).    <\/p>\n<p>Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ako napr\u00edklad karcinog\u00e9ny, sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa nielen <strong>piktogramami, ale aj<\/strong> v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00fdmi slovami <strong>a<\/strong> v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00fdmi <strong>upozorneniami H a P<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010co s\u00fa varovn\u00e9 slov\u00e1?<\/strong>  Ide o slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00fa stupe\u0148 z\u00e1va\u017enosti nebezpe\u010denstva, aby \u010ditate\u013ea \u010falej varovali pred potenci\u00e1lnym nebezpe\u010denstvom. Tak\u00fdmito slovami s\u00fa napr\u00edklad HAZARD (nebezpe\u010denstvo) alebo WARNING (varovanie) v pr\u00edpade karcinog\u00e9nov kateg\u00f3rie 1A alebo 1B alebo kateg\u00f3rie 2 (s kateg\u00f3riami karcinog\u00e9nov sa obozn\u00e1mite na nasleduj\u00facom stanovi\u0161ti). <\/p>\n<p><strong>H &#8211; v\u00fdroky<\/strong> s\u00fa <strong>v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00e9<\/strong>upozornenia a opisuj\u00fa povahu nebezpe\u010dnej l\u00e1tky a vhodne ju zara\u010fuj\u00fa do triedy alebo kateg\u00f3rie s \u010d\u00edslom. V pr\u00edpade karcinog\u00e9nov s\u00fa to napr: <\/p>\n<p><strong>H350: M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165<\/strong> rakovinu.<br \/>\n<strong>H350i:<\/strong> M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 rakovinu pri vd\u00fdchnut\u00ed.<br \/>\n<strong>H351: Podozrenie<\/strong>, \u017ee sp\u00f4sobuje rakovinu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>P &#8211; v\u00fdroky<\/strong> s\u00fa <strong>bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9<\/strong>upozornenia, ktor\u00e9 opisuj\u00fa odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 opatrenia pri manipul\u00e1cii s konkr\u00e9tnou nebezpe\u010dnou l\u00e1tkou na zn\u00ed\u017eenie alebo zabr\u00e1nenie \u0161kodliv\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom expoz\u00edcie, pou\u017e\u00edvania alebo likvid\u00e1cie nebezpe\u010dnej l\u00e1tky. V pr\u00edpade karcinog\u00e9nov s\u00fa to napr: <\/p>\n<p><strong>P201:<\/strong> Pred pou\u017eit\u00edm si vy\u017eiadajte osobitn\u00e9 pokyny.<br \/>\n<strong>P202:<\/strong> Nepracujte s n\u00edm, k\u00fdm si nepre\u010d\u00edtate a nepochop\u00edte v\u0161etky bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 opatrenia.<\/p>\n<h3>Stanica 4: Klasifik\u00e1cia karcinog\u00e9nov<\/h3>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Pozorne si pre\u010d\u00edtajte nasleduj\u00faci text a odpovedzte, ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi eur\u00f3pskym a medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdm (americk\u00fdm) syst\u00e9mom klasifik\u00e1cie karcinog\u00e9nov?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Karcinog\u00e9n sp\u00f4sobuje rakovinu alebo zvy\u0161uje jej v\u00fdskyt. L\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 pri testoch na zvierat\u00e1ch sp\u00f4sobili ben\u00edgne a mal\u00edgne \u00fatvary, s\u00fa predpokladan\u00e9 alebo podozriv\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 karcinog\u00e9ny, pokia\u013e neexistuj\u00fa presved\u010div\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee mechanizmus vzniku n\u00e1dorov nie je relevantn\u00fd pre \u013eud\u00ed. Klasifik\u00e1cia l\u00e1tok ako karcinog\u00e9nov je proces, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00e9ho sa l\u00e1tky zara\u010fuj\u00fa do jednej z kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed na z\u00e1klade sily a spo\u013eahlivosti d\u00f4kazov. \u00dadaje na klasifik\u00e1ciu sa z\u00edskavaj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom laborat\u00f3rnych testov, v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch met\u00f3d a sk\u00fasenost\u00ed s \u013eu\u010fmi (epidemiologick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie).     <strong>Klasifik\u00e1cia nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch a karcinog\u00e9nnych l\u00e1tok (v s\u00falade s nariaden\u00edm CLP (Klasifik\u00e1cia, ozna\u010dovanie a balenie)) je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na identifik\u00e1cii nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed t\u00fdchto l\u00e1tok (NIE na identifik\u00e1cii ich rizika).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania uplat\u0148uje<\/strong> nariadenie CLP (Klasifik\u00e1cia, ozna\u010dovanie a balenie), ktor\u00e9 klasifikuje karcinog\u00e9ny na z\u00e1klade d\u00f4kazov zo spo\u013eahliv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed na \u013eu\u010foch a zvierat\u00e1ch a v pr\u00edpade potreby aj na z\u00e1klade \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u00fadajov. Definuje dve r\u00f4zne kateg\u00f3rie nebezpe\u010dnosti: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kateg\u00f3ria 1: zah\u0155\u0148a<\/strong> l\u00e1tky, o ktor\u00fdch je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee s\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nne pre \u013eud\u00ed, alebo je podozrenie, \u017ee s\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nne, a je rozdelen\u00e1 do dvoch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kateg\u00f3ria 1A: zah\u0155\u0148a<\/strong> preuk\u00e1zan\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 karcinog\u00e9ny (epidemiologick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kateg\u00f3ria 1B: zah\u0155\u0148a<\/strong> l\u00e1tky, o ktor\u00fdch je na z\u00e1klade d\u00f4kazov zo zvierat zn\u00e1me, \u017ee maj\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nny potenci\u00e1l pre \u013eud\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kateg\u00f3ria 2: zah\u0155\u0148a<\/strong> l\u00e1tky, pri ktor\u00fdch existuje podozrenie, \u017ee s\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nne pre \u013eud\u00ed na z\u00e1klade d\u00f4kazov zo \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed na \u013eu\u010foch a\/alebo zvierat\u00e1ch, ale nie s\u00fa dostato\u010dne presved\u010div\u00e9 na zaradenie l\u00e1tky do kateg\u00f3rie 1A alebo 1B.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 agent\u00fara pre v\u00fdskum rakoviny (IARC) klasifikuje<\/strong> karcinog\u00e9ny do \u0161tyroch alebo piatich skup\u00edn:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Skupina 1: l\u00e1tka je karcinog\u00e9nna pre \u013eud\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Skupina 2A: l\u00e1tka je pravdepodobne karcinog\u00e9nna pre \u013eud\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Skupina 2B: l\u00e1tka je pravdepodobne karcinog\u00e9nna pre \u013eud\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Skupina 3: l\u00e1tku nemo\u017eno klasifikova\u0165 ako karcinog\u00e9nnu pre \u013eud\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Skupina 4: l\u00e1tka pravdepodobne nie je karcinog\u00e9nna pre \u013eud\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Princ\u00edp klasifik\u00e1cie IARC je zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u00f4kazoch o karcinog\u00e9nnych rizik\u00e1ch vypl\u00fdvaj\u00facich z expoz\u00edcie \u013eud\u00ed. Pr\u00edklad: l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 len ve\u013emi mierne zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165 vzniku rakoviny u \u013eud\u00ed pri dlhodobom vystaven\u00ed vysok\u00fdm d\u00e1vkam (d\u00f4kazy o tomto miernom zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed s\u00fa presved\u010div\u00e9), bude zaraden\u00e1 do kateg\u00f3rie 1, hoci pri be\u017enom pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed nepredstavuje vysok\u00e9 riziko. <\/p>\n<h3>Stanica 5: Pr\u00edklady karcinog\u00e9nov a ich vlastnost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Z predlo\u017een\u00e9ho zoznamu (alebo pod\u013ea vlastn\u00e9ho uv\u00e1\u017eenia) vyberte jeden z karcinog\u00e9nov (napr. Benz\u00e9n, Akrylamid, Formaldehyd, Azbest) a pomocou karty bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch \u00fadajov alebo z\u00e1znamu o jeho vlastnostiach predstavte nebezpe\u010denstv\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee predstavova\u0165 jeho nespr\u00e1vne pou\u017e\u00edvanie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stanica 6: Mo\u017en\u00e9 karcinog\u00e9ny na pracovisku<\/h3>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zky pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Presk\u00famajte vybran\u00e9 pracovisko a zv\u00e1\u017ete, s ak\u00fdmi mo\u017en\u00fdmi karcinog\u00e9nmi (chr\u00f3m, kadmium, Benz\u00e9n, Akrylamid, Formaldehyd, opotrebovan\u00e9 miner\u00e1lne oleje zo strojov, v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny z dieselov\u00fdch motorov, drevn\u00fd prach, Azbest) sa m\u00f4\u017eu pracovn\u00edci na tomto pracovisku stretn\u00fa\u0165?<\/li>\n<li>Ak\u00e9 opatrenia by mal zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e prija\u0165?<\/li>\n<li>Ak\u00e9 opatrenia by mal pracovn\u00edk prija\u0165?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00edklad pracoviska v<\/strong> stavebn\u00edctve s expoz\u00edciou azbestu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Azbest sa vo ve\u013ekej miere pou\u017e\u00edval v budov\u00e1ch a stavebn\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch. Pri \u010dinnostiach, pri ktor\u00fdch sa drvia materi\u00e1ly obsahuj\u00face azbest, sa do ovzdu\u0161ia uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa azbestov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna. Jednotliv\u00e9 azbestov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vidie\u0165 ani c\u00edti\u0165. Tieto vl\u00e1kna sa m\u00f4\u017eu nevedomky vd\u00fdchnu\u0165 a potom uviaznu\u0165 v p\u013e\u00facach alebo uviaznu\u0165 v tr\u00e1viacom trakte.   <\/li>\n<li>Pri dlhodobej expoz\u00edcii m\u00f4\u017eu azbestov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna vd\u00fdchnut\u00e9 alebo prehltnut\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 z\u00e1pal a rakovinu (rakovinu p\u013e\u00fac a mezoteli\u00f3m). Latentn\u00e9 obdobie medzi expoz\u00edciou a vznikom rakoviny s\u00favisiacej s azbestom je ve\u013emi dlh\u00e9 (15 a\u017e 50 rokov). <\/li>\n<li>V roku 2005 Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania zak\u00e1zala ak\u00e9ko\u013evek pou\u017e\u00edvanie azbestu a \u0165a\u017ebu, v\u00fdrobu a spracovanie azbestov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov. To v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee tento ve\u013emi \u0161kodliv\u00fd materi\u00e1l u\u017e nie je v na\u0161ej bl\u00edzkosti. Pr\u00e1ve naopak, nach\u00e1dza sa v mnoh\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkoch, ako s\u00fa vodovodn\u00e9 potrubia, oce\u013eov\u00e9 kon\u0161trukcie budov, vykurovacie kotly, tesnenia a stre\u0161n\u00e9 krytiny.  <\/li>\n<li>\u010co musia zamestn\u00e1vatelia urobi\u0165? Pred za\u010dat\u00edm stavebn\u00edctva musia zisti\u0165, \u010di sa na stavenisku nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa materi\u00e1ly obsahuj\u00face azbest. Musia presk\u00fama\u0165, \u010di sa po\u010das stavebn\u00edctva bud\u00fa uvo\u013e\u0148ova\u0165 vl\u00e1kna do ovzdu\u0161ia, a pr\u00edsne dodr\u017eiava\u0165 platn\u00e9 predpisy. Pracovn\u00edci musia by\u0165 informovan\u00ed o rizik\u00e1ch a prevent\u00edvnych opatreniach. Pr\u00e1ce by mali vykon\u00e1va\u0165 kvalifikovan\u00ed pracovn\u00edci s pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodn\u00e9ho vybavenia a pracovn\u00fdch postupov.    <\/li>\n<li>\u010co musia pracovn\u00edci robi\u0165? Musia pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest a ochrann\u00fd odev, ktor\u00e9 im poskytne zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e. Materi\u00e1ly obsahuj\u00face azbest sa musia odstra\u0148ova\u0165 tak, aby sa \u010do najmenej po\u0161kodili.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zky pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010co urob\u00edte, ak sa ako dobrovo\u013en\u00edk z\u00fa\u010dastn\u00edte na akcii \u010distenia \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia a zist\u00edte, \u017ee sa tam nach\u00e1dza neleg\u00e1lna skl\u00e1dka zbestocementovej stre\u0161nej krytiny?<\/li>\n<li>Zv\u00e1\u017ete, \u010di sa vo va\u0161om okol\u00ed nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa budovy so strechami z azbestocementu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Azbestov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky by sme nemali likvidova\u0165 sami, ale obr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa na autorizovan\u00fdch dod\u00e1vate\u013eov, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa vy\u0161kolen\u00ed a maj\u00fa vhodn\u00e9 prostriedky na osobn\u00fa ochranu. O neleg\u00e1lnej skl\u00e1dke odpadu informujete organiz\u00e1torov kampane na ochranu \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia, ktor\u00ed informuj\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 kontroln\u00e9 org\u00e1ny. <\/p>\n<h4>Pr\u00edklad pracoviska v autoservise a expoz\u00edcia emisi\u00e1m dieselov\u00fdch motorov:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok je ozna\u010den\u00e1 a klasifikovan\u00e1, ale existuj\u00fa aj karcinog\u00e9ny, ktor\u00e9 vznikaj\u00fa ako ved\u013eaj\u0161ie produkty po\u010das pracovn\u00e9ho procesu. Ke\u010f\u017ee tieto l\u00e1tky zvy\u010dajne nie s\u00fa ozna\u010den\u00e9 a nemaj\u00fa kartu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch \u00fadajov, treba im venova\u0165 osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165. V\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny dieselov\u00fdch motorov s\u00fa komplexnou zmesou plynov, p\u00e1r, kvapaln\u00fdch aeros\u00f3lov a \u010dast\u00edc. Vo v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynoch sa nach\u00e1dza pomerne ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo sadz\u00ed a zmes obsahuje nieko\u013eko karcinog\u00e9nnych l\u00e1tok.   <\/li>\n<li>Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 vystavenie v\u00fdfukov\u00fdm plynom dieselov\u00fdch motorov m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 podr\u00e1\u017edenie o\u010d\u00ed, nosa, hrdla a p\u013e\u00fac. Dlhodob\u00e1 expoz\u00edcia m\u00f4\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 riziko vzniku chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest vr\u00e1tane rakoviny p\u013e\u00fac. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napofilm.net\/en\/napos-films\/napo-hidden-killers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pozrite si animovan\u00fd film &#8222;Napo zvy\u0161uje povedomie o skryt\u00fdch vrahoch&#8220;.<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Pre\u010do musia zamestn\u00e1vatelia venova\u0165 osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 karcinog\u00e9nom, ktor\u00e9 vznikaj\u00fa ako ved\u013eaj\u0161ie produkty po\u010das pracovn\u00e9ho procesu?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stanica 7: Dvan\u00e1s\u0165 tipov na prevenciu rakoviny<\/h3>\n<p>Vedeli ste, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd rok ochorie na rakovinu viac ako 12 000 Slovincov, z ktor\u00fdch 5 700 zomrie? Rakovina je druhou naj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrtia v Slovinsku. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa vyskytuj\u00face druhy rakoviny v Slovinsku s\u00fa:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rakovina ko\u017ee<\/li>\n<li>Rakovina hrub\u00e9ho \u010dreva<\/li>\n<li>Rakovina kone\u010dn\u00edka<\/li>\n<li>Rakovina p\u013e\u00fac<\/li>\n<li>Rakovina prsn\u00edka<\/li>\n<li>Rakovina prostaty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uveden\u00e9 druhy rakoviny m\u00f4\u017eu s\u00favisie\u0165 s nezdrav\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00fdlom, napr. s nadmern\u00fdm opa\u013eovan\u00edm, nespr\u00e1vnou stravou, faj\u010den\u00edm a nadmern\u00fdm pit\u00edm alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov, ako aj s expoz\u00edciou na karcinog\u00e9nne l\u00e1tky na pracovisku (napr. expoz\u00edcia na azbest je st\u00e1le ve\u013ek\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom pri odstra\u0148ovan\u00ed, Demol\u00e1cii a \u00fadr\u017ebe budov).<\/p>\n<p>Pravdepodobnos\u0165 vzniku rakoviny je podmienen\u00e1 s\u00fahrnom vz\u00e1jomne prepojen\u00fdch rizikov\u00fdch faktorov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Environment\u00e1lne faktory (biologick\u00e9, chemick\u00e9 a fyzik\u00e1lne)<\/li>\n<li>\u017divotn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl (faj\u010denie, nezdrav\u00e1 strava)<\/li>\n<li>Expoz\u00edcia karcinog\u00e9nmi v pracovnom prostred\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Dedi\u010dn\u00e1 predispoz\u00edcia<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e1hodn\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Expoz\u00edcia jednotliv\u00fdm rizikov\u00fdm faktorom neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 vystaven\u00e1 osoba ur\u010dite ochorie, ale predstavuje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu pravdepodobnos\u0165 ochorenia. Ako sa teda vyhn\u00fa\u0165 rakovine? Ako zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 rizikov\u00e9 faktory rakoviny?  <\/p>\n<h4>Ot\u00e1zka pre \u0161tudentov<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Navrhnite niektor\u00e9 opatrenia v boji proti rakovine! Porovnajte ich s 12 tipmi na prevenciu rakoviny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa op\u00edsan\u00e9 v let\u00e1ku Zdru\u017eenia slovinsk\u00fdch onkologick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>12 tipov, ako zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 riziko vzniku rakoviny alebo ju odhali\u0165 sk\u00f4r, ako v\u00e1s probl\u00e9my po\u0161l\u00fa k lek\u00e1rovi<\/h4>\n<p>V roku 1986 odborn\u00edci z programu Eur\u00f3pa proti rakovine na z\u00e1klade predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich poznatkov o faktoroch \u017eivotn\u00e9ho a pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia so vznikom rakoviny, a o pr\u00edstupoch k zni\u017eovaniu rizika tohto ochorenia vypracovali prv\u00fa verziu Eur\u00f3pskeho k\u00f3dexu proti rakovine. Ide o rady, ako \u017ei\u0165, aby sa minimalizovala zranite\u013enos\u0165 a aby sa s podporou \u0161t\u00e1tu zn\u00ed\u017eila chorobnos\u0165 a \u00famrtnos\u0165 obyvate\u013estva na rakovinu. Nov\u00e9 poznatky o rizikov\u00fdch faktoroch rakoviny a opatrenia na \u010do najskor\u0161ie odhalenie ochorenia viedli k zmen\u00e1m k\u00f3dexu najprv v roku 1995, potom v roku 2003 a nesk\u00f4r v roku 2014.  <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cancer-code-europe.iarc.fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0160tvrt\u00fa, aktualizovan\u00fa verziu k\u00f3dexu vypracovali<\/a> odborn\u00edci zhroma\u017eden\u00ed pod z\u00e1\u0161titou Medzin\u00e1rodnej agent\u00fary pre v\u00fdskum rakoviny, \u0161pecializovanej agent\u00fary Svetovej zdravotn\u00edckej organiz\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<p>Dodr\u017eiavanie aktualizovan\u00fdch odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed zni\u017euje nielen hrozbu rakoviny, ale aj in\u00fdch chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed, najm\u00e4 kardiovaskul\u00e1rnych, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z\u00e1rove\u0148 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie smrte\u013en\u00e9. Starostlivos\u0165 o zdravie je osobnou zodpovednos\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 je mo\u017en\u00e1 len v krajine, ktor\u00e1 podporuje zdravie vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch politik\u00e1ch, preto by sa nemala ignorova\u0165 zodpovednos\u0165 spolo\u010dnosti pri prevencii rakoviny a in\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Eur\u00f3psky k\u00f3dex proti rakovine 2014<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Nefaj\u010dite!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Nefaj\u010dite ani nepou\u017e\u00edvajte tabakov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky v akejko\u013evek forme! Faj\u010diari, presta\u0148te faj\u010di\u0165 \u010do najsk\u00f4r! <strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Nefaj\u010dite v pr\u00edtomnosti ostatn\u00fdch!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Va\u0161e faj\u010denie m\u00f4\u017ee po\u0161kodi\u0165 zdravie \u013eud\u00ed vo va\u0161om okol\u00ed! Nefaj\u010dite doma ani v pr\u00e1ci <\/li>\n<li><strong>Udr\u017eujte si zdrav\u00fa, norm\u00e1lnu hmotnos\u0165!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Obezita zvy\u0161uje riziko vzniku rakoviny hrub\u00e9ho \u010dreva a kone\u010dn\u00edka, ako aj mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Udr\u017eujte si norm\u00e1lnu hmotnos\u0165 pomocou vyv\u00e1\u017eenej stravy obsahuj\u00facej ve\u013ea zeleniny a ovocia! Udr\u017eujte si fyzick\u00fa aktivitu!  <\/li>\n<li><b>Bu\u010fte fyzicky akt\u00edvni ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148!<br \/>\n<\/b>Obmedzte \u010das, ktor\u00fd tr\u00e1vite seden\u00edm! Venujte sa r\u00f4znym aktivit\u00e1m (r\u00fdchla ch\u00f4dza, beh, bicyklovanie, pl\u00e1vanie, beh na ly\u017eiach)! <\/li>\n<li><strong>Jedzte zdravo!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Jedzte ve\u013ea celozrnn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov, strukov\u00edn, zeleniny a ovocia! Nejedzte pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea vysokokalorick\u00fdch potrav\u00edn (potraviny s vysok\u00fdm obsahom cukru a tuku) a vyh\u00fdbajte sa sladk\u00fdm n\u00e1pojom! Vyh\u00fdbajte sa m\u00e4sov\u00fdm v\u00fdrobkom a jedzte menej \u010derven\u00e9ho m\u00e4sa a potrav\u00edn s vysok\u00fdm obsahom sod\u00edka!  <\/li>\n<li><strong>Obmedzte v\u0161etky druhy alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Ak chcete pred\u00eds\u0165 rakovine, je najlep\u0161ie nepi\u0165 alkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje v\u00f4bec. Ak ob\u010das pijete, potom mu\u017ei m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 maxim\u00e1lne dve jednotky alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov denne a \u017eeny len jednu (jednotka obsahuje 10 g \u010dist\u00e9ho alkoholu, ktor\u00fd je obsiahnut\u00fd v 1 dL v\u00edna, 2,5 dL piva, 0,3 dL liehov\u00edn alebo 2,5 dL mu\u0161tu). <\/li>\n<li><strong>Vystavujte sa slnku \u010do najmenej!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Pou\u017e\u00edvajte ochrann\u00fd odev, pokr\u00fdvku hlavy, slne\u010dn\u00e9 okuliare a kr\u00e9my. D\u00e1vajte pozor, aby ste sa vyhli sp\u00e1leniu, najm\u00e4 u det\u00ed!<br \/>\nNebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 je aj opa\u013eovanie v sol\u00e1ri\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinok je podobn\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00e9mu \u017eiareniu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chr\u00e1\u0148te sa pri pr\u00e1ci pred nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa rakovinu!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Informujte sa o l\u00e1tkach, s ktor\u00fdmi pri pr\u00e1ci pracujete!<br \/>\nDodr\u017eiavajte pokyny t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa bezpe\u010dnosti a ochrany zdravia pri pr\u00e1ci!<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chr\u00e1\u0148te sa pred ionizuj\u00facim \u017eiaren\u00edm!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tam, kde je v zemi viac r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho prvku rad\u00f3nu, m\u00f4\u017ee prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do budov &#8211; do obytn\u00fdch a pracovn\u00fdch priestorov. Pravideln\u00e9 vetranie v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euje koncentr\u00e1ciu rad\u00f3nu v miestnostiach a chr\u00e1ni pred vznikom rakoviny p\u013e\u00fac. <\/li>\n<li><strong>\u017deny<\/strong><br \/>\nDoj\u010denie zni\u017euje riziko vzniku rakoviny, preto doj\u010dite svoje deti, ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9! Obmedzte u\u017e\u00edvanie hormon\u00e1lnych liekov na zmiernenie pr\u00edznakov menopauzy, preto\u017ee s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s niektor\u00fdmi typmi rakoviny! <\/li>\n<li><strong>Uistite sa, \u017ee s\u00fa va\u0161e deti o\u010dkovan\u00e9 proti:<br \/>\n<\/strong>hepatit\u00edde B<br \/>\n\u013eudsk\u00e9mu papilomav\u00edrusu (HPV) (diev\u010dat\u00e1).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Z\u00fa\u010dastnite sa organizovan\u00fdch skr\u00edningov\u00fdch programov!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Po 50. roku \u017eivota si urobte test na okultn\u00fa krv v stolici, ktor\u00fd pon\u00faka program Svit! \u017deny, pravidelne nav\u0161tevujte svojho gynekol\u00f3ga na skr\u00edning kr\u010dka maternice! Ak dostanete pozv\u00e1nku na vy\u0161etrenie v programe Zora, reagujte okam\u017eite! \u017deny nad 50 rokov by sa mali objedna\u0165 na prevent\u00edvne mamografick\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenie. Ak dostanete pozv\u00e1nku do programu Dora, reagujte na pozvanie!    <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-94760","educational","type-educational","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>N\u00e1vrh vyu\u010dovacej hodiny o karcinog\u00e9noch pre 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly (minim\u00e1lne 14 rokov) - %<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"N\u00e1vrh vyu\u010dovacej hodiny o karcinog\u00e9noch pre 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly (minim\u00e1lne 14 rokov)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Predmet: Karcinog\u00e9n Tematick\u00e1 oblas\u0165: Ch\u00e9mia (pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 vedy) Vekov\u00e1 skupina: (minim\u00e1lne) 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly (14 rokov) Ciele vyu\u010dovacej hodiny \u017diaci si preh\u013abia vedomosti o nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnostiach l\u00e1tok a ich ozna\u010dovan\u00ed, ako aj o zaobch\u00e1dzan\u00ed s nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, najm\u00e4 karcinog\u00e9nnymi, mutag\u00e9nnymi a reprotoxick\u00fdmi chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami (CMR). \u017diaci si doplnia vedomosti o rakovine a karcinog\u00e9noch (pozri obsah [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/sk\/educational\/navrh-vyucovacej-hodiny-o-karcinogenoch-pre-9-rocnik-zakladnej-skoly-minimalne-14-rokov\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"STOP carcinogens at work\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-19T08:06:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cancer-development.webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Odhadovan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania \" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"18 min\u00fata\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\\\/sk\\\/educational\\\/navrh-vyucovacej-hodiny-o-karcinogenoch-pre-9-rocnik-zakladnej-skoly-minimalne-14-rokov\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\\\/sk\\\/educational\\\/navrh-vyucovacej-hodiny-o-karcinogenoch-pre-9-rocnik-zakladnej-skoly-minimalne-14-rokov\\\/\",\"name\":\"N\u00e1vrh vyu\u010dovacej hodiny o karcinog\u00e9noch pre 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk z\u00e1kladnej \u0161koly (minim\u00e1lne 14 rokov) - 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