{"id":94756,"date":"2024-01-04T09:28:32","date_gmt":"2024-01-04T09:28:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/fact\/ziaruvzdorne-keramicke-vlakna\/"},"modified":"2026-06-13T11:30:50","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T11:30:50","slug":"ziaruvzdorne-keramicke-vlakna","status":"publish","type":"fact","link":"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/sk\/fact\/ziaruvzdorne-keramicke-vlakna\/","title":{"rendered":"Oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00e9 keramick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Pod\u013ea najnov\u0161\u00edch odhadov je pribli\u017ene 25 000 zamestnancov v E\u00da potenci\u00e1lne vystaven\u00fdch oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00fdm keramick\u00fdm vl\u00e1knam (RCF). Hlavn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom expoz\u00edcie s\u00favisiacej s pr\u00e1cou je vd\u00fdchnutie vl\u00e1kien pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fdch vzduchom. RCF s\u00fa pod\u013ea eur\u00f3pskeho nariadenia CLP (ES 1272\/2008) klasifikovan\u00e9 ako karcinog\u00e9nne l\u00e1tky kateg\u00f3rie 1B, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa na z\u00e1klade d\u00f4kazov na zvierat\u00e1ch predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee tieto l\u00e1tky maj\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nny potenci\u00e1l pre \u013eud\u00ed. Opakovan\u00e1 alebo dlhodob\u00e1 inhala\u010dn\u00e1 expoz\u00edcia RCFs m\u00f4\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 riziko rakoviny p\u013e\u00fac a in\u00fdch chronick\u00fdch p\u013e\u00facnych ochoren\u00ed. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Kde sa vyskytuj\u00fa rizik\u00e1<\/h2>\n

RCF s\u00fa priemyseln\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako izola\u010dn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly vo vysokoteplotn\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch vo viacer\u00fdch priemyseln\u00fdch odvetviach. Ich hlavn\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm je pou\u017eitie ako vyzdievac\u00edch materi\u00e1lov pre pece a pece. Medzi hlavn\u00e9 priemyseln\u00e9 odvetvia, ktor\u00e9 spotreb\u00favaj\u00fa RCF, patr\u00ed chemick\u00fd, hnojiv\u00e1rsky, petrochemick\u00fd, oceliarsky, skl\u00e1rsky, keramick\u00fd, cement\u00e1rsky, zlievarensk\u00fd a kov\u00e1\u010dsky priemysel. Vdychovanie je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou cestou expoz\u00edcie RCF po\u010das v\u00fdroby a procesov u kone\u010dn\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea. Vo v\u00fdrobnom priemysle RCF m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k expoz\u00edcii RCF po\u010das procesov mie\u0161ania a tvarovania, rezania alebo obr\u00e1bania materi\u00e1lu a po\u010das procesov, pri ktor\u00fdch sa RCF kombinuj\u00fa alebo montuj\u00fa s in\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi. <\/p>\n

Na miestach koncov\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k expoz\u00edcii RCF pri in\u0161tal\u00e1cii vysokoteplotn\u00fdch izola\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, obsluhe strojov a pec\u00ed, kontrole a \u00fadr\u017ebe pec\u00ed a odstra\u0148ovan\u00ed materi\u00e1lov obsahuj\u00facich RCF. Odstra\u0148ovanie izola\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov RCF z priemyseln\u00fdch pec\u00ed a stien malo za n\u00e1sledok niektor\u00e9 z najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00ed vo vzduchu nameran\u00fdch v pracovn\u00fdch prostrediach. <\/p>\n

Viac o l\u00e1tke<\/h2>\n

RCF s\u00fa zvy\u010dajne biele alebo siv\u00e9 vl\u00e1knit\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 sa dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa vo forme vo\u013ene lo\u017een\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna, deky alebo s\u00fa obsiahnut\u00e9 v pevnom v\u00fdrobku. Jednotliv\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna RCF nie s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 vo\u013en\u00fdm okom, preto\u017ee ich priemern\u00e9 priemery sa pohybuj\u00fa v rozmedz\u00ed mal\u00fdch mikrometrov. RCF patria do triedy materi\u00e1lov naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch syntetick\u00e9 sklovit\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna (SVF). Z chemick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska sa SVF skladaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 z kremi\u010ditanov\u00fdch miner\u00e1lov. SVF sa od pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch miner\u00e1lnych vl\u00e1kien, ako je azbest, l\u00ed\u0161ia t\u00fdm, \u017ee maj\u00fa amorfn\u00fa (nekry\u0161talick\u00fa) \u0161trukt\u00faru a b\u00fdvaj\u00fa menej odoln\u00e9. <\/p>\n

V z\u00e1vislosti od suroviny a zam\u00fd\u0161\u013ean\u00e9ho pou\u017eitia obsahuj\u00fa SVF r\u00f4zne mno\u017estv\u00e1 oxidov kovov. RCF maj\u00fa vysok\u00fd obsah oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd im umo\u017e\u0148uje odol\u00e1va\u0165 extr\u00e9mne vysok\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m. RCF s\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti perzistentnej\u0161ie ako in\u00e9 SVF v biologickom prostred\u00ed, ako s\u00fa p\u013e\u00faca. \u0160trukt\u00fara RCF sa m\u00f4\u017ee \u010diasto\u010dne zmeni\u0165 z amorfnej na kry\u0161talick\u00fa formu po dlhodobom vystaven\u00ed vysok\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m (viac ako 1 000 \u00b0C). Preto po\u010das \u00fadr\u017eb\u00e1rskych a demola\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c, ke\u010f sa naru\u0161\u00ed oblo\u017eenie RCF, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pracovn\u00edci vystaven\u00ed RCF aj kry\u0161talick\u00e9mu oxidu kremi\u010dit\u00e9mu. <\/p>\n

V E\u00da plat\u00ed z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00e1 limitn\u00e1 hodnota expoz\u00edcie na pracovisku vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 0,3 vl\u00e1kien\/ml.<\/p>\n

Nebezpe\u010denstv\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytn\u00fa\u0165<\/h2>\n

Pod\u013ea eur\u00f3pskeho nariadenia CLP (Klasifik\u00e1cia, ozna\u010dovanie a balenie) s\u00fa RCF klasifikovan\u00e9 ako karcinog\u00e9ny kateg\u00f3rie 1B. Je to zalo\u017een\u00e9 na d\u00f4kazoch z\u00edskan\u00fdch pri pokusoch na zvierat\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee opakovan\u00e1 alebo dlhodob\u00e1 inhala\u010dn\u00e1 expoz\u00edcia RCF m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko rakoviny p\u013e\u00fac, mezoteli\u00f3mu pohrudnice a in\u00fdch chronick\u00fdch p\u013e\u00facnych ochoren\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky vdychovania RCF m\u00f4\u017eu zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 podr\u00e1\u017edenie d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest, ako je boles\u0165 hrdla, upchatie nosa a ka\u0161e\u013e. Derm\u00e1lna expoz\u00edcia RCFs m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok kontaktn\u00fa dermatit\u00eddu a svrbenie. Vl\u00e1kna sa m\u00f4\u017eu prenies\u0165 aj do o\u010d\u00ed, napr\u00edklad cez ruky, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 podr\u00e1\u017edenie. <\/p>\n

Potenci\u00e1l RCF sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinky na p\u013e\u00faca je ovplyvnen\u00fd ich fyzik\u00e1lnymi a chemick\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami, z ktor\u00fdch najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie s\u00fa priemer, d\u013a\u017eka a rozpustnos\u0165 vl\u00e1kien v biologick\u00fdch tekutin\u00e1ch. Ide o k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 vlastnosti, ktor\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00fa transport a perzistenciu (\u010das zotrvania) vl\u00e1kien v p\u013e\u00facach, a teda aj ich toxicitu. O\u010dak\u00e1va sa, \u017ee latentn\u00e1 doba medzi expoz\u00edciou RCF a s\u00favisiacimi rakovinami je dlh\u00e1, a\u017e 20 – 30 rokov. <\/p>\n

\u010co m\u00f4\u017eete urobi\u0165<\/h2>\n

Prvoradou ot\u00e1zkou mus\u00ed by\u0165, \u010di je nahradenie RCF vo v\u00fdrobkoch technicky mo\u017en\u00e9. Pr\u00edkladmi n\u00e1hrad s\u00fa silik\u00e1tov\u00e9 vlny alkalick\u00fdch zem\u00edn (AES) s ni\u017e\u0161ou biologickou odolnos\u0165ou alebo \u013eahk\u00e9 nevl\u00e1knit\u00e9 \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. Technick\u00e1 vhodnos\u0165 n\u00e1hrad ve\u013emi z\u00e1vis\u00ed od po\u017eadovan\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch a mechanick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed alebo chemickej a mechanickej odolnosti. Ak n\u00e1hrada nie je mo\u017en\u00e1, odpor\u00fa\u010da sa pou\u017ei\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 formy v\u00fdrobkov, ako s\u00fa predmontovan\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, vrstven\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, tvarovan\u00e9 diely alebo pracovn\u00e9 postupy, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa minimalizova\u0165 tvorbu prachu. <\/p>\n

\u0160\u00edrenie vl\u00e1kien RCF mo\u017eno minimalizova\u0165 uzavret\u00edm pra\u0161n\u00fdch procesov a pou\u017eit\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho ods\u00e1vania. Materi\u00e1ly s vl\u00e1knami by sa mali uchov\u00e1va\u0165 zabalen\u00e9, ke\u010f sa nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, a malo by sa s nimi manipulova\u0165 \u010do najmenej. Pred odstr\u00e1nen\u00edm sa odpor\u00fa\u010da materi\u00e1ly d\u00f4kladne navlh\u010di\u0165, aby sa zn\u00ed\u017eilo mno\u017estvo vl\u00e1kien pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fdch vzduchom. Priestory, v ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k expoz\u00edcii, by mali by\u0165 ozna\u010den\u00e9 a oddelen\u00e9 od ostatn\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch priestorov. <\/p>\n

Zamestn\u00e1vatelia by mali vykon\u00e1va\u0165 pravideln\u00e9 hodnotenie expoz\u00edcie prostredn\u00edctvom osobn\u00e9ho odberu vzoriek a\/alebo stacion\u00e1rnych meran\u00ed, aby skontrolovali, \u010di s\u00fa ochrann\u00e9 opatrenia \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 alebo \u010di je potrebn\u00e9 prija\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie opatrenia. Pracovn\u00edci by mali by\u0165 pravidelne \u0161kolen\u00ed o kontroln\u00fdch opatreniach potrebn\u00fdch na bezpe\u010dn\u00fa pr\u00e1cu s RCF, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo expoz\u00edcii. <\/p>\n

Jedenie, faj\u010denie a pitie v priestoroch, kde existuje riziko kontamin\u00e1cie RCF, by malo by\u0165 zak\u00e1zan\u00e9. Prest\u00e1vky by sa mali robi\u0165 v oddelenom, ur\u010denom \u010distom priestore a pred jedlom by sa mali odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 prostriedky na osobn\u00fa ochranu a umy\u0165 ruky. Mali by sa zabezpe\u010di\u0165 um\u00fdvacie zariadenia, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017enia pracovn\u00edkom udr\u017eiava\u0165 primeran\u00fd \u0161tandard osobnej hygieny. <\/p>\n

Aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo sekund\u00e1rnej expoz\u00edcii usaden\u00fdmi vl\u00e1knami, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 udr\u017eiava\u0165 pracovisko v poriadku. \u010cistenie by sa malo vykon\u00e1va\u0165 met\u00f3dou, ktor\u00e1 zabra\u0148uje \u0161\u00edreniu vl\u00e1kien. Vys\u00e1va\u010de by mali by\u0165 vybaven\u00e9 vysoko\u00fa\u010dinnou filtr\u00e1ciou HEPA. <\/p>\n

Pri manipul\u00e1cii s materi\u00e1lmi RCF by mali ma\u0165 pracovn\u00edci primeran\u00e9 prostriedky na osobn\u00fa ochranu vr\u00e1tane prostriedkov na ochranu d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest, ochrann\u00e9ho odevu, rukav\u00edc a ochrann\u00fdch okuliarov. Ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky by sa mali vyzlieka\u0165 vopred ur\u010den\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom (pri\u010dom d\u00fdchacie pr\u00edstroje by mali by\u0165 posledn\u00e9), mali by sa pravidelne \u010disti\u0165 a skladova\u0165 sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd zabr\u00e1ni kontamin\u00e1cii vl\u00e1knami. <\/p>\n

Zdroje: ECHA, ILO, NIOSH, BAuA<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","carcinogens":[5557],"class_list":["post-94756","fact","type-fact","status-publish","hentry","carcinogens-ziaruvzdorne-keramicke-vlakna"],"yoast_head":"\nOh\u0148ovzdorn\u00e9 keramick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna - %<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Be aware of what you work with! We collected all the important information these causing substances in easy-to-understand factsheets.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stopcarcinogensatwork.eu\/sk\/fact\/ziaruvzdorne-keramicke-vlakna\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00e9 keramick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Be aware of what you work with! 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