The facts on Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)

No estimates of current numbers of exposed workers to Glycidyl methacrylate (2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate) in the EU are available.
Primarily, work-related exposure to glycidyl methacrylate occurs through inhalation, dermal contact, and oral (hand‑to‑mouth) exposure.
Glycidyl methacrylate has a harmonised classification (CLP classification) as Carcinogen category 1B (presumed human carcinogen).

Where risks occur

Glycidyl methacrylate is mainly used to produce other organic basic chemicals, plastics, resins and synthetic rubber. These materials are used in the manufacturing of packaging, coatings and paints, varnishes, adhesives, dental products and devices, bone repair materials or contact lenses. New uses are being developed in medical imaging and drug delivery.

Workers in polymer manufacturing have the highest risk of exposure to glycidyl methacrylate. High exposure can happen during tasks like sampling, maintenance, filling containers, filtering, testing, and removing waste.
Occupations related to dental practice activities, such as dentists, dental assistants, hygienists, and dental laboratory technicians, can be exposed to Glycidyl methacrylate. Workers involved in the manufacture of medical and dental instruments may also be exposed.

More about the substance

Glycidyl methacrylate is a colourless liquid made by human activity. It is mainly used to make plastics (polymers) and acrylic resins. These materials are used in dental products, materials for bone repair, coatings, and contact lenses. They can also be used in materials that come into contact with food, such as packaging. New uses of these polymers are being developed for medical imaging and for targeted drug delivery.
An EU-wide binding occupational exposure limit value is currently under preparation.

Health risks that may occur

Exposure to glycidyl methacrylate occurs via inhalation, dermal and oral (hand-to-mouth contact) routes.
There is limited evidence of whether glycidyl methacrylate causes cancer in humans. Studies in animals show that long-term exposure to this substance may cause cancer and adverse reproductive and fertility effects. Skin sensitising effects in humans have been described.

What you can do

The best way to reduce risk from glycidyl methacrylate exposure is to replace it with a safer substance or to change the process. If this is not possible, steps must be taken to reduce exposure.

Glycidyl methacrylate is generally manufactured in a closed system under well-controlled conditions with no direct worker contact; this also limits air release and keeps exposure low.

Keep the workplace clean and store materials safely. Check exposure levels regularly to make sure safety measures work. Limit the time workers spend in risky areas and restrict access.

Train workers about the risks and how to work safely with glycidyl methacrylate. They should report any early health problems. Provide good washing facilities and enough time for personal hygiene.

Workers who come into close contact with 2,3‑epoxypropyl methacrylate (glycidyl methacrylate), for example during the preparation of dental and bone composite materials, should use appropriate protective equipment (such as gloves and protective clothing) to prevent skin absorption. Personal protective equipment should only be used as a last resort and only considered temporarily, after the possible technical and organisational solutions have been exhausted.

References: ECHA, RAC