Available estimates of the number of workers currently exposed to ethylene dibromide (1,2‑dibromoethane) in the EU are very scarce. Approximately 8.000 workers were estimated in 2006 to be exposed to ethylene dibromide across all the industries in the EU. Primarily, work-related exposure occurs through the inhalation of vapour and dermal route. Ethylene dibromide has a harmonised classification as Carcinogen category 1B under the CLP Regulation (presumed carcinogen). The anticipated health effect after chronic exposure to ethylene dibromide in workers is carcinogenicity at the site of contact. In humans, ethylene dibromide also induces effects on the reproductive system in men (a decrease in several sperm parameters).
Where risks occur
Historically, ethylene dibromide was primarily used as a lead scavenger additive in gasoline. This application declined following the EU ban on lead-containing fuels, although ethylene dibromide is still used as a scavenger in aviation and racing fuels. In the past, it was also widely used in agriculture as a pesticide and as a component of soil and grain fumigants.
Currently, ethylene dibromide is used as a non‑flammable solvent for waxes, resins, and gums, in insect-control formulations, and in dye preparations. It also serves as an intermediate in the manufacture of certain organic chemicals, such as in the synthesis of vinyl bromide.
Chemical manufacturing is the sector with the highest exposures to ethylene dibromide, with chemical process, batch or distillation operators and technicians (e.g. maintenance, formulation, process) being the most exposed occupations. Tasks related to mixing and vulcanization processes are those raising particular concern. Exposure can also occur in technical testing and analysis and in scientific research and development (analytical chemists, laboratory technicians, etc).
More about the substance
Ethylene dibromide is a colourless, heavy liquid that has a mildly sweet, chloroform-like odour. It is soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. Ethylene dibromide mainly originates from human activities. Ethylene dibromide is highly mobile and may be found in groundwater. An EU-wide binding occupational exposure limit value of 0.8mg/m³ in the air is in place.
Health risks that may occur
Occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide is generally through inhalation of vapour. However, ethylene dibromide is also absorbed through the skin.
Short-term exposure to ethylene dibromide can cause damage to the heart, lungs, kidneys and skin.
There is no robust information about whether ethylene dibromide causes cancer in humans, but it is a strong multi-site carcinogen in animals. The studies suggest that long-term exposure to this substance may cause nasal and lung cancer and adverse reproductive and fertility effects in workers.
What you can do
The preferred measure to eliminate the risk of exposure is substitution by safer, ethylene dibromide-free alternatives or by a change of processes. Where substitution of ethylene dibromide is not possible, or when it occurs as a by-product, you must introduce measures to reduce exposure.
The most effective way to avoid exposure to ethylene dibromide is to develop and use automation or closed systems where there is no direct contact with the worker by physical separation. Ethylene dibromide should be produced in enclosed systems with vapour capture, transported in enclosed pipes, accompanied with the use of low-emission coupling connectors to minimize emissions during transfer. Ethylene dibromide should be stored in places protected from physical damage and separately from chemically active metals.
Where it is not technically possible to substitute ethylene dibromide and working in a closed process is not feasible, technical measures need to be in place to ensure that the level of exposure of workers is reduced to as low a level as technically possible.
This includes using local exhaust and general dilution ventilation. Implement measures to ensure proper general workplace hygiene with regular cleaning and hygienic storage. After the initial exposure measurement for risk assessment, perform periodic exposure assessments to check if your technical measures in place are effective or whether further actions are needed.
Strictly limiting the time workers spend in exposed working environment (e.g. via shifts) and restricting the access to those workplaces are important organisational measures to reduce exposure. Workers have to be informed of the possible risks associated with tasks involving ethylene dibromide. Employers should train and instruct them regularly on how to work safely with ethylene dibromide. Provide adequate washing and toilet facilities and allow workers ample time for hygienic measures.
Medical health surveillance is required for workers exposed to hazardous substances and accordingly they should be encouraged to report any early symptoms, such as symptoms affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, and skin.
Ensure that workers have adequate personal protective equipment, such as protective clothing and gloves. Protective measures to reduce skin uptake of ethylene dibromide are recommended because of the potential for dermal absorption. Personal protective equipment should only be used as a last resort and only considered temporarily, after the possible technical and organisational solutions have been exhausted.
References: ECHA, IOM, RAC, EC
